T  &  yf 


LA  inn  *        i  t  n'*'M'  5«n  UiEjO 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE  OF  AMERICA 


PAPERS 


OF   THE 


SCHOOL  OF  AMERICAN 
RESEARCH 

New  Series—Number  Two 


THE  SOUTHWEST:  YESTERDAY  AND  TOMORROW 
BY  EDGAR   L.  HEWETT 


American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Southwestern  Division 
First  Annual  Meeting,  El  Paso,  December  2,  1920 


,. 

NEW  SERIES  PAPER  NO.     2 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF 


SAN  CIEGO 


BY  EDGAR  L  HEWETT 

PRESIDENTIAL  ADDRESS 

AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE 

SOUTHWESTERN  DIVISION 

FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING,  EL  PASO,  DECEMBER  2,  1920 


A  T  this,  the  initial  session  of  the  South- 
western Division  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  it  seems  fitting  that  we  should 
take  a  broad  survey  of  the  Southwest  as 
it  has  come  to  us  from  the  ages  and  as  it 
expands  to  the  future,  inviting  the  efforts 
of  science,  commerce,  industry  and  art. 

The  natural  character  of  the  Southwest 
sets  it  apart  as  a  definite  unit  in  our  land; 
co-ordinate  with  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
the  Great  Plains,  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  Pacific  Coast,  the  Gulf  States,  the 
Atlantic  Seaboard.  To  understand  the 
natural  history  of  this  vast  heritage  is  the 
first  step  for  those  who  seek  life,  fortune 
and  happiness  within  its  borders.  It  is 
the  foundation  upon  which  all  material 
development  must  rest. 

The  human  history  of  the  Southwest 
stretches  back  over  milleniums.  In  its  first 
phase,  that  preceding  the  conquest  by 
Europeans,  it  affords  an  almost  unbroken 
record  of  the  evolution  of  the  human  mind 
under  certain  definite  conditions.  It  is  the 
life  history  of  a  race  that  sought  adjust- 
ment to  a  not  very  hospitable  environ- 
ment, by  adaptation  to  it  rather  than  by 
conflict  with  it.  In  the  second  phase, 
that  from  the  conquest  to  our  time,  we 
have  the  record  of  the  efforts  of  a  race 
that  seeks  not  so  much  to  adapt  itself  to 
existing  conditions,  as  to  change  the  con- 
ditions, even  to  the  extent  of  transforming 


a  region  from  a  naturally  adverse  charac- 
ter to  something  agreeable. 

This  is  a  heroic  process;  therefore  the 
history  of  our  race  is  the  prolific  source  of 
spiritual  ideals.  From  history  come  the 
inspiring  stories  of  achievement,  the  mod- 
els of  personal  character.  The  results  of  the 
long  experiments,  trial,  errors,  successes, 
failures,  in  human  society  and  government 
point  out  the  way  of  assured  progress.  A 
forwardlookmg  people  can  know  the  for- 
ward way  only  by  being  intelligently 
backwardlooking.  There  is  no  othe 
light  upon  the  future,  save  that  of  history, 
and  the  future  can  only  reap  from  what 
was  planted  in  the  past.  The  Spaniards 
have  a  proverb,  true  as  it  is  beautiful, 
"Manana  flor  de  sus  ayeres."  In  plain 
truth,  tomorrow  is  the  flower  of  all  the 
yesterdays.  In  veneration  of  the  tradi- 
tions of  the  past,  a  community  lays  the 
foundation  of  its  home  life;  a  nation  rests 
secure  in  the  patriotic  devotion  of  its  peo- 
ple. Whatever  may  come  to  the  South- 
west, its  wealth  in  history  is  assured. 

But  the  subject  of  material  resources 
will  engage  the  efforts  of  more  investiga- 
tors than  all  the  other  fields  put  together. 
What  mountains  can  be  pierced  with 
mine  shafts  and  tunnels?  where  are  the 
oil  sands  to  be  tapped?  what  areas  can 
be  brought  under  irrigation?  what  of  the 
timber?  what  of  the  ranges?  It  is  the 
extension  of  the  most  primitive  activity  of 


-4— 


man — the  food  quest.  Perhaps  with  the 
American  people  it  has  gone  beyond  the 
supplying  of  actual  needs,  even  beyond 
wise  provision  for  wellbeing  and  that  the 
pyramids  of  wealth  that  are  being  raised 
in  our  lime,  will  in  the  future  seem  as 
useless  as,  and  far  less  enduring  than  the 
gigantic  works  of  ancient  Egyptian  kings. 
Let  us  hope  not,  but  that  on  the  contra- 
ry this  unparalleled  accumulation  of  wealth 
is  destined  to  be  the  foundation  of  a  civ- 
ilization, in  which  commerce  and  culture 
and  industry  may  flourish  equally.  How- 
ever that  may  turn  out,  our  age  and  our 
people  look  upon  development  cf  resour- 
ces as  the  corner  stone  of  their  welfare. 

Most  imperative  of  all  are  the  human 
relations  that  demand  consideration.  If 
the  people  of  the  Southwest  are  to  be  as 
successful  intellectually  and  spiritually  as 
they  hope  to  become  commercially,  then 
education,  scientific  research,  social  and 
moral  conditions,  must  be  considered  in 
a  spirit  of  community  of  interest  through- 
out the  Southwest.  When  it  comes  to 
lo  the  education  of  our  children,  the 
health  and  happiness  of  our  families,  so- 
cial morality,  the  pursuit  of  science,  the 
people  of  Texas,  Chihuahua,  New  Mex- 
ico, Sonora  and  Arizona  may  and  should 
strike  hands  in  firm  accord. 

From  the  viewpoint  of  time,  research- 
ers are  in  two  camps.  Yesterday  is  to 
the  historian,  the  archaeologist,  the  pal- 
aeontologist, to  the  student  of  beginnings 
and  of  the  slow  evolutionary  processes; 
the  shaping  of  the  earth  and  the  devel- 
opment of  life;  the  building  of  man  in 
body,  culture  and  spirit;  the  making  of 
races,  tribes,  communities  and  nations; 
the  story  of  the  extension  of  man's  sup- 
remacy over  land,  sea,  air,  and  the 
forces  of  nature.  Tomorrow  is  to  the 
electrician,  the  chemist,  the  engineer,  the 
economist,  —to  those  who  see  in  mat- 
erial progress  the  duty  and  destiny  of 
man.  Those  of  the  former  group  cal- 
culate in  milleniums.  They  contemplate 
the  long  leisure  of  the  centuries.  Their 
thoughts  move  in  vast  orbits.  With  them 
"a  thousand  years  are  but  as  yesterday." 


Those  of  the  latter  group  split  seconds. 
They  do  not  care  to  await  the  slow  pro- 
cession of  nature.  They  know  no  orbits. 
They  plow  deep  channels  straight  ahead. 

I  have  spoken  of  the  Southwest  as  a 
physiographic  unit,  co-ordinate  with 
mountain,  plain,  valley,  and  seacoast  areas. 
Among  these  indefinitely  bounded  re- 
gions, it  is  not  the  least  in  extent,  though 
it  is  the  least  known.  Roughly,  it  extends 
a  thousand  miles  north  and  south  and 
eight  hundred  east  and  west.  It  em- 
braces in  its  physiography,  features  of  all 
the  other  named  areas.  No  other  is 
so  varied  in  natural  condition!  s  and  re- 
sources. At  the  same  time  none  is  more 
definitely  characterized.  It  lies  mainly  in 
high  altitudes  and  for  the  most  part,  is  not 
abundantly  supplied  with  water.  Be- 
cause of  the  scarcity  and  uneven  distri- 
bution of  moisture  over  the  seasons,  vast 
areas  have  remained  and.  This  is  the 
dominating  factor  in  the  Southwest;  in 
its  history  and  in  its  future. 

A  great  part  of  the  human  energy  that 
has  been  spent  in  the  Southwest  in  the 
past  has  been  in  struggle  with  desert  con- 
ditions and  so  it  will  be  in  the  future. 
Aridity  then  is  a  sort  of  key  word  in  sci- 
entific research,  as  well  as  in  industry  in 
the  Southwest.  It  determined  the  entire 
life  history  of  the  first  race  that  settled 
here  and  it  is  engaging  a  large  part  of  the 
mental  and  physical  energies  of  the  people 
today.  Of  all  the  land  areas  the  desert 
has  been  the  most  refractory  to  man's  ef- 
forts. The  European  has  been  accus- 
tomed to  working  quick  and  radical  trans- 
formations. Plains  and  forests  have  yield- 
ed to  agriculture.  Cities  have  sprung  up 
from  primeval  swamps.  The  mountains 
are  honeycombed  with  mines.  The  sea 
has  been  brought  into  the  service  of  com- 
merce. But  the  desert  remains  unmas- 
tered.  Here  for  a  millenium  man  wrought 
and  made  no  visible  change.  It  was  for 
him  to  take  it  as  he  found  it,  leave  it,  or 
die.  The  Indian  made  little  effort  to 
conquer  it.  He  matched  his  wits  against 
the  scorching  winds  and  smothering  sand 
storms  and  wintry  blasts  for  centuries.  He 


-5— 


learned  its  ways  and  adapted  himself  to 
its  conditions,  as  the  desert  plants  did. 
He  therefore  survived  and  made  it  a  hos- 
pitable home.  To  the  white  man  it  was 
uninviting,  save  to  a  few  who  fell  under 
its  spell  and  forgot  discomforts  in  its  in- 
describable charm.  It  is  a  privilege  to 
be  one  of  those  who  love  the  calm  des- 
ert land.  The  majesty  of  silence  and 
space  that  rests  upon  it,  suggests  the  vast- 
ness  in  which  Eternal  Mind  organizes 
the  energies  of  the  universe.  The  human 
spirit  so  immersed  for  generations  must 
live  in  a  state  of  freedom  that  is  unknown 
in  crowded  centers  of  population.  Hu- 
manity in  this  environment  for  ages  would 
probably  be  content  without  rapid  move- 
ment, instantaneous  communication,  the 
division  of  time  into  fractions  of  seconds, 
the  incessant  shock  of  machinery;  politi- 
cal campaigns,  class  hatreds,  industrial 
revolutions  and  world  wars.  Space  is 
the  first  requisite  of  mental  and  spiritual 
tranquility.  It  is  reflected  in  the  imper- 
turbable nature  of  the  Indian  race,  whose 
psychology  was  established  in  the  free- 
dom of  limitless  plains  and  deserts,  forests 
and  mountains. 

If  you  have  known  the  hospitality  of 
the  ranches  and  haciendas  from  northern 
New  Mexico  to  southern  Chihuahua 
and  from  western  Texas  to  southern  Cal- 
ifornia and  Sonora,  you  know  what  those 
primeval  conditions  that  I  have  described 
did  to  the  spirit  of  man.  The  open- 
handed  hospitality,  the  buoyant  social 
life,  the  calm  courage,  the  determined 
resourcefulness  of  those  pioneers,  Span- 
ish and  Anglo-Saxon,  are  reflections  of 
that  vast  environment.  These  are  not  sim- 
ply romantic  memories  of  early  days. 
They  are  charming  realities  that  some  of 
us  have  been  privileged  to  know.  The 
men  who  still  live  from  that  time,  calm 
and  silent  and  strong  and  gentle  and 
generous,  are  the  ones  to  whom  we  turn 
today  with  our  difficulties  and  our  visions, 
with  certain  assurance  of  wise  and  sym- 
pathetic counsel.  One  loves  to  dwell  on 
those  characters  of  the  pioneer  times  of 
our  Southwest.  They  are  the  greatest 


asset  we  have  ever  had  or  ever  will 
have.  Let  us  hope  that  their  courageous 
spirit  has  been  transmitted  to  us,  for 
assuredly  it  is  needed  now  as  much  as  it 
ever  was. 

I  would  like  in  this  rapid  survey  to  give 
you  a  picture  of  the  ancient  Southwest- 
ern world,  as  this  is  something  that  may 
not  be  done  in  the  section  meetings. 
Will  you  for  a  moment  obliterate  in  your 
minds,  every  vestige  of  our  civilization? 
Consulting  a  map  showing  the  distribu- 
tion of  sedentary  population  in  the  cen- 
turies antedating  the  coming  of  Europe- 
ans to  America,  it  is  seen  that  this  exten- 
sive province  was  composed  of  five  drain- 
age basins  namely,  the  Rio  Grande  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Continental  Divide, 
the  San  Juan,  Little  Colorado  and  Gila 
on  the  Western  slope  and  the  Inland 
Basin  of  Chihuahua.  This  was  one  phy- 
siographic unit.  That  it  became  in  time 
a  culture  area  that  was  coextensive, 
speaks  distinctly  of  the  coercive  influence 
of  environment  upon  human  society. 

The  groups  of  population  distributed 
over  this  region  may  be  considered  con- 
temporaneous. This  use  of  the  term  must 
not  be  taken  to  imply  exactly  synchron- 
ous periods,  but  construed  in  the  newer 
historic  sense  in  which  evolution  is  the 
dominant  factor  in  human  history.  A 
difference  of  a  century  or  two  in  time 
does  not  disturb  the  contemporaneity  of 
the  people.  Here  is  the  picture  I  want 
you  to  see. 

Looking  across  the  desert  from  where 
we  now  stand  to  the  north  two  hundred 
miles  are  the  cliff  dwellers  of  the  plateau 
near  Santa  Fe,  and  still  farther  north  the 
cliff  dwellers  of  Mesa  Verde,  Colo.;  to 
the  northwest  the  forebears  of  the  Seven 
Cities  of  Cibola,  the  ancient  Zuni  towns; 
north  of  them  the  settlements  in  Canon 
de  Chelly;  in  the  San  Juan  valley  a  num- 
erous population  of  cliff  and  mesa  dwell- 
ers, with  isolated  outposts  of  small  popu- 
lation in  every  direction.  There  in  west- 
ern Arizona  are  the  ancestors  of  the  Ho- 
pi,  and  the  Little  Colorado  valley  is  the 
seat  of  many  towns.  In  the  Rio  Grande 


— 6— 


drainage  the  communities  are  forming, 
which  are  to  become  the  settlements  of 
Jemez,  Taos,  Pecos  and  Gran  Quivira. 
In  Southern  New  Mexico  are  the  people 
of  the  Mimbres  and  along  the  Gila  al- 
most from  the  headwaters  in  New  Mex- 
ico to  its  mouth  in  Arizona  are  settle- 
ments of  Cliff  Dwellers  where  geograph- 
ical conditions  so  direct  and  Mesa  and 
Valley  towns  like  Casa  Grande  in  the 
level  flood  plain.  To  the  south  in  Chi- 
huahua are  the  populous  districts  of  Ca- 
sas  Grandes,  Cave  Valley  and  the  cliffs 
and  canons  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Yaqui. 
may  be  considered  contemporaries  and 
cultural  cognates.  It  may  be  reasonably 
supposed  that  far  to  the  south  on  the 
Mexican  Plateau,  the  pre-Aztecan  towns 
are  flourishing;  that  in  Central  America 
the  earlier  Maya  communities  of  Yuca- 
tan and  the  temple  cities  of  Guatemala 
and  Honduras  are  in  their  prime  and  that 
in  distant  Peru,  the  Incas  are  running 
thetr  course.  I  hope  you  can  visualize 
this  situation. 

It  was  ah  epoch  of  building  in  Ameri- 
ca, from  Colorado,  Utah,  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico  to  Peru,  lasting  several 
centuries  and  finished  before  the  Euro- 
pean invasion.  It  would  seem  that  the 
period  originated  with  the  formation  of 
the  sedentary  communities  over  this  vast 
region,  all  of  which  invited  this  mode  of 
life  as  the  great  plains  with  the  countless 
buffalo  herds,  the  temperate  forests  and 
mountain  areas,  with  abundant  game  and 
fish;  and  coast  regions  with  bountiful  re- 
sources of  sea  food  would  not.  Where 
subsistence  was  derived  mainly  from  the 
soil  and  com  was  the  chief  product,  it 
was  a  matter  of  vital  interest  to  the  peo- 
ple to  secure  their  land  in  permanence 
and  insure  its  water  supply  and  build  per- 
manent structures  for  residence,  defense 
and  religious  practices. 

There  is  a  similarity  of  resources 
throughout  this  entire  region.  It  occu- 
pies the  Cordillera  with  its  principal  foci 
of  population  in  high  altitudes.  From 
its  northern  to  its  southern  extremities, 


corn  was  the  common  factor  of  cultural 
evolution,  as  metal  was  in  Europe.  It 
was  necessary  to  farm  by  irrigation,  rain- 
fall being  too  unevenly  distributed  over 
the  seasons  to  insure  germination,  growth, 
fertilization  and  maturity  of  corn  and  oth- 
er food  crops.  The  conditions  of  climate 
and  subsistence  were  sufficiently  alike 
throughout  to  produce  a  general  type  of 
social  structure,  discernible  in  the  plans  of 
the  towns,  and  a  religion  which  was  prac- 
ticed with  great  zeal,  based  largely  upon 
the  Indian's  view  of  nature.  Pottery  ma- 
king and  weaving  were  arts  that  were 
generally  cultivated. 

So  a  building  culture  flourished  in  Am- 
erica in  localities  that  invited  permanence. 
An  age  during  which  the  energies  of 
the  people  were  thrown  into  construction, 
not  altogether  out  of  need  for  housing, 
but  partly  as  an  expression  of  religious 
fervor.  The  epoch  ran  its  course  and 
was  far  into  its  decline  when  Amenca 
was  invaded  from  Europe.  This  decline 
would  have  been  easy  to  account  for, 
had  it  not  set  in  until  after  I  492.  The 
shock  of  the  European  conquest  could 
not  fail  to  change  radically  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  people.  It  would  give  them 
a  new  and  dominating  concern,  which 
would  modify  their  entire  history.  But 
the  movement  reached  its  apex  some 
centuries  before.  It  would  seem  that 
it  simply  ran  its  course  and  passed  nat- 
urally into  decline,  as  did  the  epoch  of 
Cathedral  building  in  Europe  in  the 
middle  ages  and  as  such  exuberance  of 
energy  usually  does. 

The  interesting  suggestion  has  been 
made  that  the  human  animal  manifests 
characteristics  identical  with  those  of 
other  animals— insects,  birds,  etc.,  in  which 
there  is  an  instinctive  impulse  to  action,  an 
expenditure  of  vital  force  far  beyond  the 
necessities  of  life,  this  being  so  imperative 
and  often  earned  to  such  extremes  as  to 
work  great  harm  to  the  species.  So  this 
organic  impulse  of  the  sedentary  peoples 
of  the  American  Cordillera  spent  itself 
perhaps  in  building  vast  community 


— 7— 


houses,  sanctuaries  and  temple  pyramids, 
along  with  the  correlative  activity  of 
religious  ceremonials,  which  were  practi- 
ced with  prodigious  zeal. 

In  the  isolation  of  the  Southwest  the 
range  of  interests  was  small,  so  that  the 
forces  of  the  people  that  were  not  em- 
ployed in  food  production  went  into  re- 
ligious ceremonies,  building  and  ceramic 
art;  all  rather  closely  integrated.  The  re- 
sult was  such  a  piling  up  of  architectural 
monuments  as  rarely  occurred  even  in  the 
ancient  world.  As  an  illustration  of 
this,  Lt.  Simpson  estimated  that  in  the 
construction  of  Cheltro  Kettle,  a  ruin  in 
Chaco  Canon,  now  being  excavated  by 
the  School  of  American  Research,  not 
less  than  30,000,000  pieces  of  stone 
were  quarried,  transported,  shaped  and 
laid  in  the  walls.  We  now  know  that 
he  might  have  made  his  estimate  50,- 
000,000,  so  much  more  of  the  town  be- 
ing buried  than  he  supposed,  and  in  a 
great  part  of  the  walls  there  being  an 
average  of  800  pieces  to  the  square 
yard,  instead  of  the  450  counted  by  him. 
n  addition  to  this,  the  thousands  of  logs, 
poles  and  slabs  that  had  to  be  cut  in 
distant  forests,  transported  by  man  power, 
prepared  with  stone  tools  and  built  into 
the  structures;  the  tons  upon  tons  of  mor- 
tar that  had  to  be  made-altogether  it 
represents  an  enormous  task  for  the  small 
population  of  Chettro  Kettle. 

This  was  repeated  proportionately  in 
each  of  1 2  large  communities  and  in  an 
unknown  number  of  small  villages  in  sev- 
en miles  of  Chaco  Canon.  It  was  no 
unwilling  work  under  the  lash  of  priestly 
or  kingly  task  masters;  the  American  In- 
dians were  never  so  ruled.  It  was  the 
spontaneous,  perhaps  intuitive,  industry 
of  a  strong  people,  comparable  to  the 
heaping  up  of  mounds  in  excess  of  actual 
needs  by  insect  communities.  It  may 
indicate  the  operation  of  an  important  or- 
ganic law.  Similar  happenings  were  the 
building  of  the  earth  mounds  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  the  Pyramids  of  Egypt 
and  of  Mexico,  the  great  wall  of  China 
and  the  European  cathedrals  of  the  mid- 


dle ages.  A  parallel  to  it  is  seen  in  the 
present  day  accumulation  of  wealth,  which 
goes  on  far  beyond  the  needs  or  possible 
uses  of  owners,  a  characteristic  of  our 
commercial  age,  which  is  being  lived 
as  unconsciously  by  the  majority  of  peo- 
ple, so  far  as  its  real  meaning  is  concerned, 
as  was  the  building  age  of  the  aboriginal 
Americans  in  their  time. 

Such  was  the  Southwest  of  yesterday. 
What  of  its  future? 

The  titles  of  the  papers  to  be  read  in 
the  various  sections  of  this  meeting  show 
the  scope  of  present  scientific  research. 
It  is  a  showing  that  we  may  look  upon 
with  profound  satisfaction.  Apparently 
there  is  hardly  a  subject  that  is  vital  to 
progress  that  is  not  receiving  attention. 
So  adequately  are  all  the  questions  of  our 
material  development  to  be  presented, 
that  a  reading  of  the  program  of  this 
meeting  is  more  convincing  than  anything 
I  can  say.  May  I  venture  to  express  this 
hope.  These  investigators  are  doing 
.  work  of  a  highly  constructive  character. 
It  will  influence  agriculture,  stock  raising, 
mining,  finance,  education,  art  —  every 
branch  of  commerce  and  industry  and 
culture.  They  are  among  the  creators 
of  the  Southwest  of  the  future.  There 
must  be  some  among  them  who  are  not 
too  closely  limited  to  special  problems; 
some  who  see  as  a  whole  the  vision  of 
what  the  Southwest  should  be.  There 
must  be  integration  of  these  diverse  ef- 
forts, inquiry  into  methods  and  purposes, 
and  a  strong  influence  for  unity  in  ulti- 
mate ends.  This  I  take  it,  is  the  partic- 
ular function  of  our  universities — perhaps 
to  a  certain  extent  of  this  Association. 
The  name  university  implies  this  breadth 
of  purpose  and  the  word  association 
should  connote  the  bringing  together  of 
forces  for  common  ends. 

It  remains  for  me  to  speak  of  the  hu- 
man relations  that  have  grown  out  of  the 
peopling  of  the  Southwest.  On  this  sub- 
ject it  might  seem  that  no  basic  princi- 
ples have  been  accepted,  at  any  rate,  not 
put  into  practice.  It  is  true  however,  that 
a  social  structure  is  emerging  from  the  in- 


—8— 


coherent  elements  and  efforts  of  this  time. 
Note  the  words  and  phrases  that  occur 
and  recur  in  your  daily  experience, 
whether  in  business  or  professional  life, 
that,  with  the  exception  of  the  first,  you 
rarely  heard  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 
Education  —  child  welfare  —  social  hy- 
giene— race  betterment- —  sanitation — so- 
cial justice.  They  refer  to  movements 
touching  human  relations  that  are  taking 
hours  from  your  business  and  professional 
and  domestic  affairs  every  day  —  labor  for 
which  you  have  no  material  compensa- 
tion, but  instead,  to  which  you  give  along 
with  your  time  and  work,  a  far  greater 
part  of  your  income  than  the  traditional 
1  0  per  cent. 

Assuredly  there  is  some  great  impulse 
working  toward  the  clarifying  of  the  basic 
principles  in  human  relations.  When  the 
period  of  incoherence  has  passed,  these 
will  probably  stand  out  as  clearly  defined 
as  are  the  laws  in  biological  sciences  that 
are  understood  and  applied  as  a  matter 
of  course.  Social  justice  is  only  the  gold- 
en rule  made  operative.  A  system  of 
education  will  come  to  mean  simply  the 
provision  of  that  environment  which  will 
induce  whatever  development  each  indi- 
vidual is  capable  of.  Child  welfare  will 
mean  merely  the  protection  of  infancy 
from  the  beginning  of  embryonic  life  to 
the  end  of  the  period  of  dependence.  I 
will  extend  this  to  include  the  guarding  of 
the  sources  of  life  through  some  genera- 
tions preceding  parenthood;  for  the  time 
will  come  when  .civilized  people  will  pre- 
vent a  very  large  part  of  the  imbecility  and 
prenatal  infection  and  transmitted  disease 
inflicted  upon  childhood  by  getting  at  the 
ignorant  and  vicious  and  defective  who 
are  to  blame  for  it.  Race  betterment  is 
the  application  of  perfectly  well  known 
biological  laws  to  breeding  the  human 
species.  Social  hygiene  depends  upon 
plain  individual  morality;  personal  decen- 
cy in  man  and  woman  alike.  Sanitation 
is  mainly  a  matter  of  cleanliness,  as  vice 


and  disease  breed  in  filth.  Why  not! 
have  a  year  throughout  the  nation  devoted! 
to  war  upon  uncleanliness  in  all  its  pha-[ 
ses.  I  propose  as  a  slogan  for  the  cam-j 
paign — "Cleanliness  breeds  Godliness." 

In  this  brief  survey  of  the  Southwest 
as  a  field  for  scientific  efforts,  I  have  not 
thought  of  it  as  divided  between  two 
nations,  but  as  one  natural  province.  In 
science  we  are  in  the  happy  situation  of 
not  being  limited  by  natural  boundaries,  j 
The  Southwest  means  Chihuahua  and! 
Sonora,  as  it  means  Texas,  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  Our  natural  conditions  and  i 
resources  are  identical.  Our  scientific,  ed-  i 
ucational,  social  and  economic  problems  i 
are  the  same.  We  have  a  common  history  | 
not  merely  through  a  few  centunes,  but 
for  ages  past.  These  are  strong  bonds, 
and  stronger  still  is  the  common  ideal  of 
government  to  which  both  these  nations  j 
are  irrevocably  committed.  Let  it  not  be 
forgotten  that  through  this  decade  of  i 
turmoil,  the  Mexican  people  have  never 
wavered  m  their  adhesion  to  republican 
government  and  free  institutions. 

The  government  of  Mexico  has  gra- 
ciously sent  its  official  representative  to 
participate  in  this  meeting.  We  trust 
that  he  may  see  fit  to  bear  to  his  govern- 
ment from  us  a  message  of  good  will 
that  does  not  stop  with  mere  words; 
the  message  that  a  cordial  welcome 
awaits  the  youth  of  Mexico  who  care 
to  come  for  the  privileges  of  our  univer- 
sities, normal  and  technical  schools  and 
institutions  of  research;  that  we  shall  deep- 
ly appreciate  the  scientific  opportunities 
that  Mexico  can  open  to  us,  and  that 
to  bring  about  a  free  interchange  of 
thought  and  opportunity  between  these 
two  countries,  in  mutual  understanding 
and  helpfulness  is  one  of  the  objects  to 
which  the  Southwestern  Division  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  is  dedicated. 

E.  L.  HEWETT. 


